Pengaruh Konsumsi Energi Terbarukan dan Tidak Terbarukan terhadap Emisi Karbon di Indonesia
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.55606/jupsim.v5i1.6358Keywords:
Carbon Emissions, ECM, Non-Renewable Energy, Population Growth, Renewable EnergyAbstract
This study aims to empirically analyze the effects of renewable energy consumption, non-renewable energy consumption, Gross Domestic Product (GDP), and population size on carbon emission levels in Indonesia during the observation period from 1990 to 2023. The study employs a quantitative approach using the Error Correction Model (ECM) to identify both short-run and long-run relationships among the variables examined. Prior to model estimation, stationarity tests and cointegration tests using the Engle–Granger and Johansen approaches were conducted to ensure the existence of a long-run equilibrium relationship. The estimation results indicate that in the short run, renewable energy consumption, non-renewable energy consumption, and GDP do not have a significant effect on carbon emissions. In contrast, population size is found to have a positive and significant impact on the increase in carbon emissions. The Error Correction Term (ECT–1) is statistically significant and negative, indicating the presence of a strong adjustment mechanism toward long-run equilibrium. In the long run, all variables are proven to be cointegrated. Non-renewable energy consumption and population growth contribute to higher carbon emissions, while renewable energy consumption plays a role in reducing emissions. GDP also tends to increase carbon emissions unless economic growth is directed toward green and sustainable development.
References
Abidi, I., & Nsaibi, M. (2024). Assessing the impact of renewable energy in mitigating climate change: A comprehensive study on effectiveness and adaptation support. International Journal of Energy Economics and Policy, 14(3), 442–454. https://doi.org/10.32479/ijeep.15769
Adrian, M. A. (2024). Analisis pengaruh aktivitas ekonomi terhadap peningkatan emisi karbon: Studi empiris empat negara ASEAN. Jurnal Ekonomi Indonesia, 12(2), 187–202. https://doi.org/10.52813/jei.v12i2.379
Alvika, P., & Busneti, I. (2025). Analysis of influence of GDP, population resident, and FDI against CO₂ emissions in six ASEAN countries. Jurnal Ilmu Ekonomi (JIE), 9(1).
Amaefule, C., Kalu, I. E., Udeorah, S., & Ebelebe, L. O. (2022). Fossil fuel consumption, CO₂ emissions, and growth in high-income and low-income countries. European Journal of Sustainable Development Research, 6(3), 1–24. https://doi.org/10.21601/ejosdr/12084
Aye, G. C., & Edoja, P. E. (2017). Effect of economic growth on CO₂ emission in developing countries: Evidence from a dynamic panel threshold model. Cogent Economics & Finance, 5(1), 1–22. https://doi.org/10.1080/23322039.2017.1379239
Badan Pusat Statistik. (2022). Hasil sensus penduduk 2020: Jumlah dan distribusi penduduk Indonesia.
Badan Pusat Statistik. (2023). Produk domestik bruto Indonesia 2018–2022.
Bakara, S., Simamora, E., Sarah, K., Siahaan, A., Matondang, K. A., & Irfansyah, F. (2024). Teori Heckscher–Ohlin: Model perdagangan internasional. JETBUS: Journal of Education, Transportation and Business, 1, 612–616.
Fauzi, R. F. (2017). Pengaruh konsumsi energi, luas kawasan hutan, dan pertumbuhan ekonomi terhadap emisi CO₂ di enam negara ASEAN: Pendekatan analisis data panel. Jurnal Ecolab, 11(1), 14–26. https://doi.org/10.20886/jklh.2017.11.1.14-26
Febriyastuti Widyawati, R., Hariani, E., Lopa Ginting, A., & Nainggolan, E. (2021). Pengaruh pertumbuhan ekonomi, populasi penduduk kota, dan keterbukaan perdagangan internasional terhadap emisi karbon dioksida (CO₂) di negara ASEAN. Jambura Agribusiness Journal, 3, 37–47.
Feng, H. (2022). The impact of renewable energy on carbon neutrality for the sustainable environment: Role of green finance and technology innovations. Frontiers in Environmental Science, 10. https://doi.org/10.3389/fenvs.2022.924857
Gamatara, M. P. J., & Kusumawardani, D. (2024). Pengaruh deforestasi terhadap emisi CO₂ pada negara beriklim tropis di benua Asia. Jurnal Ilmiah MEA, 8(2), 1239–1256.
Handayani, R. (2024). Modul ekonomi internasional. Universitas IPWIJA.
Helda, P. N., Jamal, A., & Dawood, T. C. (2018). Pengaruh urbanisasi, pertumbuhan PDB sektor industri, dan pertumbuhan PDB sektor transportasi terhadap polusi lingkungan di Indonesia. Jurnal, 5, 170–182.
Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change. (2021). Climate change 2021: The physical science basis (Sixth Assessment Report).
International Energy Agency. (2020). Renewables 2020: Analysis and forecast to 2025.
International Energy Agency. (2021). World energy outlook 2021.
International Energy Agency. (2022). Global energy review: CO₂ emissions in 2021.
International Monetary Fund. (2022). World economic outlook database: October 2022.
International Renewable Energy Agency. (2021). World energy transitions outlook: 1.5°C pathway.
Jaya, I. M. L. M. (2020). Metode penelitian kuantitatif dan kualitatif. Quadrant.
Lawal, I. M., & Abubakar, M. (2019). Impact of population growth on carbon dioxide (CO₂) emissions: Empirical evidence from Nigeria. Jurnal Perspektif Pembiayaan dan Pembangunan Daerah, 6(6).
Lesmana, I., Astuty, S., & Jamil, M. (2024). Analisis pengaruh pertumbuhan ekonomi, foreign direct investment, dan konsumsi energi terhadap kualitas lingkungan di Indonesia ditinjau dari emisi karbon dioksida (CO₂). Jurnal EMT KITA, 8(3), 1205–1214. https://doi.org/10.35870/emt.v8i3.2905
Liddle, B. (2011). Consumption-driven environmental impact and age structure change in OECD countries: A cointegration-STIRPAT analysis. Demographic Research, 24(30), 749–770. https://doi.org/10.4054/DemRes.2011.24.30
Mirziyoyeva, Z., & Salahodjaev, R. (2023). Renewable energy, GDP, and CO₂ emissions in high-globalized countries. Frontiers in Energy Research, 11, 1–8. https://doi.org/10.3389/fenrg.2023.1123269
Nadeak, S. A. H., & Nasrudin, N. (2023). Pengaruh PDB per kapita dan konsumsi energi terhadap emisi GRK di Indonesia. Jurnal Ekonomi dan Pembangunan Indonesia, 23(2), 128–145. https://doi.org/10.21002/jepi.2023.09
Oliveira, A., Spinola, V., Garrido, D., Teixeira, M. M., Salles, C., & Haddad, A. E. (2023). Influence of learning styles on student performance in self-instructional courses. PLOS ONE, 18(7), e0289036. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0289036
Onofrei, M., Vatamanu, A. F., & Cigu, E. (2022). The relationship between economic growth and CO₂ emissions in EU countries: A cointegration analysis. Frontiers in Environmental Science, 10. https://doi.org/10.3389/fenvs.2022.934885
Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development. (2020). Understanding national accounts.
Putri, A. R., Gunarto, T., Emalia, Z., & Murwiati, A. (2022). Pengaruh pertumbuhan ekonomi, pertumbuhan penduduk, dan konsumsi energi terhadap emisi CO₂ di Indonesia. Bullet: Jurnal Multidisiplin Ilmu, 1(6).
Rahman, M. M., & Vu, X. B. (2022). Economic growth, population dynamics, and carbon emissions: New evidence from panel cointegration analysis in developing economies. Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 29(45), 68012–68027. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-022-20815-4
Rosyid, R. M., et al. (2022). Teknologi pertanian. PT Global Eksekutif Teknologi.
Siregar, S. W., & Hasbi. (2023). Analisis pengaruh keterbukaan perdagangan, konsumsi energi, dan pertumbuhan ekonomi terhadap emisi karbon di negara D-8. Jurnal Magister Ekonomi Syariah, 2(1), 61–77. https://doi.org/10.14421/jmes.2023.021-05
Sugiyono. (2017). Metode penelitian kuantitatif, kualitatif, dan R&D. Alfabeta.
Sugiyono. (2018). Metode penelitian kuantitatif. Alfabeta.
Suhartoko, Y. B., & Ekaristi, M. G. D. (2023). The impact of economic growth, foreign direct investment, population, and energy consumption on carbon dioxide emissions in six ASEAN countries during the period 2000–2021. Society, 11(2), 771–786. https://doi.org/10.33019/society.v11i2.557
Thi Mai, A. N., Xuan, V. N., Le, H. M., Xuan, H. P., & Thi Phuong, T. N. (2024). Population, carbon dioxide emissions, and renewable energy consumption nexus: New insights from Vietnam. Energy Exploration & Exploitation, 42(5), 1763–1798. https://doi.org/10.1177/01445987241252453
Ulucak, R., Danish, & Khan, S. U. (2020). Does information and communication technology affect CO₂ mitigation under the pathway of sustainable development during the mode of globalization? Sustainable Development, 28(4), 857–867. https://doi.org/10.1002/sd.2041
United Nations Environment Programme. (2022). Emissions gap report 2022.
United Nations. (2022). World population prospects 2022.
Wang, Q., Li, R., & Li, S. (2022). Fossil fuel energy consumption, economic growth, and carbon emissions: Evidence from developing countries. Energy Economics, 109, 105958. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eneco.2022.105958
Widarjono, A. (2018). Ekonometrika: Pengantar dan aplikasinya disertai panduan EViews. UPP STIM YKPN.
World Bank. (2021). GDP (current US$).
World Bank. (2023). CO₂ emissions (metric tons per capita).
World Bank. (2023). Renewable energy consumption (% of total final energy consumption).
Zhao, X., Zhang, Y., Wang, S., & Li, J. (2021). The role of renewable energy consumption and technological innovation in reducing carbon emissions: Evidence from panel data of developing countries. Renewable Energy, 170, 531–540. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.renene.2021.01.090
Downloads
Published
How to Cite
Issue
Section
License
Copyright (c) 2025 Jurnal Publikasi Sistem Informasi dan Manajemen Bisnis
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License.
