Simple Laboratory Variables and Anthropometry as A Predictor Parameter For Visceral Fat Deposition

Authors

  • Daniel Ruslim Tarumanagra University
  • Yohanes Firmansyah Tarumanagra University
  • Alexander Halim Santoso Tarumanagra University
  • Stanislas Kotska Marvel Mayello Teguh Tarumanagra University
  • Fladys Jashinta Mashadi Tarumanagra University
  • Steven Hizkia Lucius Tarumanagra University

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.55606/klinik.v4i2.4078

Keywords:

Anthropometry, Predictor parameter, Simple laboratory, Visceral fat

Abstract

Visceral fat, associated with increased risks of chronic diseases like cardiovascular disease and diabetes, plays a crucial role in metabolic health. Its proximity to vital organs allows it to release harmful cytokines and hormones. While CT and MRI are the gold standard for assessing visceral fat, their cost and accessibility limits their use, highlighting the need for alternative methods. This study investigates the potential of simple laboratory variables such as hemoglobin and anthropometric measurements containing BMI, body height, and muscle mass as predictors of visceral fat. This study aims to identify practical, cost-effective tools for monitoring visceral fat, supporting disease prevention and management, particularly in limited resources settings. This study was conducted at St. Assisi Church with 32 respondents. Statistical analysis applies multiple linear regression to examine the relationship between anthropometric measurements, laboratory variables, and visceral fat. The multiple linear regression analysis identifies hemoglobin, body weight, body height, body fat, and arm total muscle as significant predictors of the dependent variable. Hemoglobin, body height, body fat, and arm total muscle show negative associations, while body weight positively predicts the outcome. These findings highlight the critical roles of these variables in influencing the dependent variable. This study identifies hemoglobin, body weight, height, fat, and arm muscle as significant predictors, highlighting muscle's critical role in functionality.

References

Agrawal, S., Klarqvist, M. D. R., Diamant, N., Stanley, T. L., Ellinor, P. T., Mehta, N. N., Philippakis, A., Ng, K., Claussnitzer, M., Grinspoon, S., Batra, P., & Khera, A. V. (2023). BMI-adjusted Adipose Tissue Volumes Exhibit Depot-Specific and Divergent Associations With Cardiometabolic Diseases. Nature Communications. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-022-35704-5

Antonio-Villa, N. E., Juárez-Rojas, J. G., Posadas-Sánchez, R., Reyes-Barrera, J., & Moeini, A. (2023). Visceral Adipose Tissue Is an Independent Predictor and Mediator of the Progression of Coronary Calcification: A Prospective Sub-Analysis of the GEA Study. Cardiovascular Diabetology. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12933-023-01807-6

Böckerman, P., Johansson, E., Saarni, S. I., & Saarni, S. E. (2014). The Negative Association of Obesity with Subjective Well-Being: Is it All About Health? Journal of Happiness Studies, 15(4), 857–867. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10902-013-9453-8

Bruyère, O., Beaudart, C., Reginster, J. Y., Buckinx, F., Schoene, D., Hirani, V., Cooper, C., Kanis, J. A., Rizzoli, R., McCloskey, E., Cederholm, T., Cruz-Jentoft, A., & Freiberger, E. (2016). Assessment of muscle mass, muscle strength and physical performance in clinical practice: An international survey. European Geriatric Medicine, 7(3), 243–246. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eurger.2015.12.009

Castro, A. I., Gomez-Arbelaez, D., Crujeiras, A. B., Granero, R., Aguera, Z., Jimenez-Murcia, S., Sajoux, I., Lopez-Jaramillo, P., Fernandez-Aranda, F., & Casanueva, F. F. (2018). Effect of a very low-calorie ketogenic diet on food and alcohol cravings, physical and sexual activity, sleep disturbances, and quality of life in obese patients. Nutrients, 10(10). https://doi.org/10.3390/nu10101348

Chen, R., Mody, P. S., Gupta, A., Bikdeli, B., Dreyer, R., Chen, S. I., Nuti, S., & Ranasinghe, I. (2013). Most Important Outcomes Research Papers on Body Weight, Obesity and Cardiovascular Outcomes. Circulation: Cardiovascular Quality and Outcomes, 6(6). https://doi.org/10.1161/CIRCOUTCOMES.113.000681

ChiSu, L., Matpady, P., Bhojaraja, V. S., Naik, V., & Shetty, J. K. (2024). Study of association between fat composition and glycemic control in type 2 diabetic patients: Cross-sectional survey from coastal India. Romanian Journal of Diabetes Nutrition and Metabolic Diseases, 31(1), 5–10. https://doi.org/10.46389/rjd-2024-1449

Chmielewski, P. P. (2024). The association between body height and longevity: Evidence from a national population sample. Folia Morphologica (Poland), 83(1), 139–145. https://doi.org/10.5603/FM.A2023.0005

Feng, X., Wang, J., Wu, S., Wang, W., Wei, Y., Li, L., Shen, T., & Chen, Q. (2023). Correlation Analysis of Anthropometric Indices and Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus in Residents Aged 60 years and Older. Frontiers in Public Health. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpubh.2023.1122509

Giovannini, S., Macchi, C., Liperoti, R., Laudisio, A., Coraci, D., Loreti, C., Vannetti, F., Onder, G., Padua, L., Bonaccorsi, G., Boni, R., CastagnolI, C., Cecchi, F., Cesari, F., Epifani, F., Frandi, R., Giusti, B., Luisi, M. L. E., Marcucci, R., … Valecchi, D. (2019). Association of Body Fat With Health-Related Quality of Life and Depression in Nonagenarians: The Mugello Study. Journal of the American Medical Directors Association, 20(5), 564–568. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.JAMDA.2019.01.128

Gokhale, M., Agarwal, P., & Ramdas Patil, A. (2019). Correlation of body fat distribution with iron profile and haemoglobin level in young overweight females. International Journal of Pharmaceutical Research, 11(1), 1153–1156. https://doi.org/10.31838/IJPR/2019.11.01.203

Hiremath, R. N., Kumar, M., Huchchannavar, R., & Ghodke, S. (2023). Obesity and visceral fat: Indicators for anemia among household women visiting a health camp on world obesity day. Clinical Epidemiology and Global Health, 20(February), 101255. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cegh.2023.101255

Huang, B. (2023). Relationships Between Body Fat Distribution and Metabolic Syndrome Traits and Outcomes: A Mendelian Randomization Study. Plos One. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0293017

Iwata, K., Iwasa, M., Nakatani, T., Yano, Y., Mifuji-Moroka, R., Hara, N., Akamatsu, M., Ishidome, M., & Takei, Y. (2012). Seasonal variation in visceral fat and blood HbA1c in people with type 2 diabetes. Diabetes Research and Clinical Practice, 96(3), e53–e54. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.diabres.2011.10.036

Kalam, F., Gabel, K., Cienfuegos, S., Ezpeleta, M., Wiseman, E., & Varady, K. A. (2021). Alternate Day Fasting Combined With a Low Carbohydrate Diet: Effect on Sleep Quality, Duration, Insomnia Severity and Risk of Obstructive Sleep Apnea in Adults With Obesity. Nutrients. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu13010211

Kim, S. A., Ha, J., Lim, B., Kim, J. M., & Shin, S. (2020). The Association between Major Dietary Pattern and Low Muscle Mass in Korean Middle-Aged and Elderly Populations: Based on the Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey. Nutrients 2020, Vol. 12, Page 3543, 12(11), 3543. https://doi.org/10.3390/NU12113543

Kuroiwa, M., Fuse, S., Amagasa, S., Kime, R., Endo, T., Kurosawa, Y., & Hamaoka, T. (2019). Relationship of total hemoglobin in subcutaneous adipose tissue with whole-body and visceral adiposity in humans. Applied Sciences (Switzerland), 9(12). https://doi.org/10.3390/APP9122442

Leopold, L. (2024). Ideal Weight and Weight Discrepancy: A Study of Life Course Trajectories and Intercohort Change in the Netherlands. International Journal of Public Health, 69, 1606278. https://doi.org/10.3389/IJPH.2024.1606278/BIBTEX

Mathieu, P., Poirier, P., Pibarot, P., Lemieux, I., & Després, J. P. (2009). Visceral obesity the link among inflammation, hypertension, and cardiovascular disease. Hypertension, 53(4), 577–584. https://doi.org/10.1161/HYPERTENSIONAHA.108.110320/ASSET/D95FC04B-6187-4800-89E3-2A6D6E129AF5/ASSETS/GRAPHIC/8FF3.JPEG

Matthes, K. L., & Staub, K. (2023). Height loss in adulthood is associated with health outcomes in later life in men and women enrolled in the 1946 UK Birth Cohort (NSHD). https://doi.org/10.1101/2023.11.04.23298098

Miyawaki, T., Abe, M., Yahata, K., Kajiyama, N., Katsuma, H., & Saito, N. (2004). Contribution of Visceral Fat Accumulation to the Risk Factors for Atherosclerosis in Non-Obese Japanese. Internal Medicine, 43(12), 1138–1144. https://doi.org/10.2169/INTERNALMEDICINE.43.1138

Murbawani, E. A., Subagio, H. W., Puruhita, N., Probosari, E., & Candra, A. (2021). Correlation of dietary intake and physical activity with nutritional status, body composition and hand grip strength in elderly. Jurnal Gizi Indonesia (The Indonesian Journal of Nutrition), 10(1), 21–27. https://doi.org/10.14710/jgi.10.1.21-27

Ness-Abramof, R., & Apovian, C. M. (2008). Waist circumference measurement in clinical practice. Nutrition in Clinical Practice, 23(4), 397–404. https://doi.org/10.1177/0884533608321700

Ogawa, W. (2024). Definition, Criteria, and Core Concepts of Guidelines for the Management of Obesity Disease in Japan. Endocrine Journal. https://doi.org/10.1507/endocrj.ej23-0593

Plock, J. A., Rafatmehr, N., Sinovcic, D., Schnider, J., Sakai, H., Tsuchida, E., Banic, A., & Erni, D. (2009). Hemoglobin vesicles improve wound healing and tissue survival in critically ischemic skin in mice. American Journal of Physiology - Heart and Circulatory Physiology, 297(3). https://doi.org/10.1152/AJPHEART.00430.2009/ASSET/IMAGES/LARGE/ZH40090989950007.JPEG

Prado, C. M., Landi, F., Chew, S. T. H., Atherton, P. J., Molinger, J., Ruck, T., & Gonzalez, M. C. (2022). Advances in muscle health and nutrition: A toolkit for healthcare professionals. Clinical Nutrition, 41(10), 2244–2263. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.CLNU.2022.07.041/ASSET/B9AA4725-530F-411A-9082-5082E60DF734/MAIN.ASSETS/GR9.JPG

Rhodes, C. E., Denault, D., & Varacallo, M. (2022). Physiology, Oxygen Transport. StatPearls.

Ribeiro-Filho, F. F., Faria, A. N., Kohlmann, O., Ajzen, S., Ribeiro, A. B., Zanella, M. T., & Ferreira, S. R. (2001). Ultrasonography for the evaluation of visceral fat and cardiovascular risk. Hypertension, 38(3 Pt 2), 713–717. https://doi.org/10.1161/01.HYP.38.3.713/ASSET/AD5C5841-0D29-4579-BC27-AC081161C0CF/ASSETS/GRAPHIC/G38FF2.JPEG

Salih, A. (2023). Genome‐Wide Association Study of Pericardial Fat Area in 28 161 UK Biobank Participants. Journal of the American Heart Association. https://doi.org/10.1161/jaha.123.030661

Schleh, M. W., Ryan, B. J., Ahn, C., Ludzki, A., Varshney, P., Gillen, J. B., Pelt, D. W. Van, Pitchford, L. M., Howton, S. M., Rode, T., Chenevert, T. L., Hummel, S. L., Burant, C. F., & Horowitz, J. F. (2023). Metabolic Dysfunction in Obesity Is Related to Impaired Suppression of Fatty Acid Release From Adipose Tissue by Insulin. Obesity. https://doi.org/10.1002/oby.23734

Shirakawa, K., & Sano, M. (2023). Drastic Transformation of Visceral Adipose Tissue and Peripheral CD4 T Cells in Obesity. Frontiers in Immunology. https://doi.org/10.3389/fimmu.2022.1044737

Silveira, E. A., Vaseghi, G., Santos, A. S. de C., Kliemann, N., Masoudkabir, F., Noll, M., Mohammadifard, N., Sarrafzadegan, N., & de Oliveira, C. (2020). Visceral Obesity and Its Shared Role in Cancer and Cardiovascular Disease: A Scoping Review of the Pathophysiology and Pharmacological Treatments. International Journal of Molecular Sciences 2020, Vol. 21, Page 9042, 21(23), 9042. https://doi.org/10.3390/IJMS21239042

Song, R., Hu, M., Qin, X., Qiu, L., Wang, P., Zhang, X., Liu, R., & Wang, X. (2023). The Roles of Lipid Metabolism in the Pathogenesis of Chronic Diseases in the Elderly. Nutrients, 15(15), 3433. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu15153433

Topete, M. V, Andrade, S., Bernardino, R. L., Guimarães, M., Pereira, A. M., Oliveira, S. B., Costa, M. T., Nora, M., Monteiro, M. P., & Pereira, S. S. (2023). Visceral Adipose Tissue Bioenergetics Varies According to Individuals’ Obesity Class. International Journal of Molecular Sciences. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms24021679

Tylutka, A., Morawin, B., Walas, Ł., Michałek, M., Gwara, A., & Zembroń-Łacny, A. (2023). Assessment of Metabolic Syndrome Predictors in Relation to Inflammation and Visceral Fat Tissue in Older Adults. Scientific Reports. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-022-27269-6

U-Din, M. (2023). Characteristics of Abdominal Visceral Adipose Tissue, Metabolic Health and the Gut Microbiome in Adults. The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology &Amp; Metabolism. https://doi.org/10.1210/clinem/dgad604

Urbatsch, I. (n.d.). Hemoglobin : Myoglobin :

van Eekelen, E., Geelen, A., Alssema, M., Lamb, H. J., de Roos, A., Rosendaal, F. R., & de Mutsert, R. (2019). Adherence to dietary guidelines in relation to visceral fat and liver fat in middle-aged men and women: the NEO study. International Journal of Obesity 2019 44:2, 44(2), 297–306. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41366-019-0441-x

Woldemariam, M. M., Evans, K. D., Butwin, A. N., Pargeon, R. L., Volz, K. R., & Spees, C. (2018). Measuring Abdominal Visceral Fat Thickness With Sonography: A Methodologic Approach. Journal of Diagnostic Medical Sonography, 34(2), 91–96. https://doi.org/10.1177/8756479317747210/ASSET/IMAGES/LARGE/10.1177_8756479317747210-FIG5.JPEG

Wu, Y., Li, D., & Vermund, S. H. (2024). Advantages and Limitations of the Body Mass Index (BMI) to Assess Adult Obesity. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 2024, Vol. 21, Page 757, 21(6), 757. https://doi.org/10.3390/IJERPH21060757

Xu, Z., Liu, Y., Yan, C., Yang, R., Xu, L., Guo, Z., Yu, A., Cheng, X., Ma, L., Hu, C., Guglielmi, G., Hind, K., & Hu, C. (2021). Measurement of visceral fat and abdominal obesity by single-frequency bioelectrical impedance and CT: A cross-sectional study. BMJ Open, 11(10). https://doi.org/10.1136/BMJOPEN-2020-048221

Yang, J., Li, C. W., Zhang, J. R., Qiu, H., Guo, X. L., & Wang, W. (2023). Perirenal Fat Thickness Is Associated With Metabolic Dysfunction-Associated Fatty Liver Disease in Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus. Diabetes Metabolic Syndrome and Obesity Targets and Therapy. https://doi.org/10.2147/dmso.s415477

Yoshida, Y., & Shibata, H. (2023). Visceral Fat: A Bad Companion for Mineralocorticoid Receptor Overactivation. Hypertension Research. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41440-023-01238-6

Zhou, H. H., Liao, Y., Peng, Z., Liu, F., Wang, Q., & Yang, W. (2023). Association of muscle wasting with mortality risk among adults: A systematic review and meta-analysis of prospective studies. Journal of Cachexia, Sarcopenia and Muscle, 14(4), 1596–1612. https://doi.org/10.1002/JCSM.13263

Downloads

Published

2025-05-19

How to Cite

Ruslim, D., Firmansyah, Y., Santoso, A. H., Teguh, S. K. M. M., Mashadi, F. J., & Lucius, S. H. (2025). Simple Laboratory Variables and Anthropometry as A Predictor Parameter For Visceral Fat Deposition. Jurnal Ilmiah Kedokteran Dan Kesehatan, 4(2), 432–444. https://doi.org/10.55606/klinik.v4i2.4078