Analisis Yuridis Normatif atas Pemanfaatan Cukai Minuman Berpemanis Dalam Kemasan (MBDK) untuk Pembiayaan Program Jaminan Kesehatan Nasional oleh BPJS Kesehatan

Authors

  • Muhammad Baharul Iman Universitas Katolik Soegijapranata
  • Fara Syafira Universitas Katolik Soegijapranata

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.55606/inovasi.v4i1.4866

Keywords:

BPJS Kesehatan, JKN, Sugar-Sweetened Beverages

Abstract

The National Health Insurance (JKN) system is a strategic program of the Indonesian government to ensure equitable access to healthcare services for all citizens. However, the sustainability of JKN financing faces challenges due to rising healthcare costs, particularly from non-communicable diseases (NCDs). One potential solution is to utilize fiscal instruments such as excise taxes, especially on sugar-sweetened beverages (SSBs), which are known to contribute significantly to the burden of NCDs. This study aims to analyze the legal framework and urgency of utilizing excise revenues from sugar-sweetened beverages (SSBs) to support JKN financing. Using a normative juridical method and a statutory, conceptual, and comparative approach, this research explores relevant laws and public health data. The findings reveal that although the allocation of excise on SSBs for JKN is not yet explicitly regulated, the existing legal framework—particularly the pattern of cigarette tax and tobacco excise revenue allocation—provides a strong precedent. From a medical perspective, high SSBs consumption has been shown to increase the risk of NCDs, placing a significant burden on JKN. Therefore, implementing MBDK excise not only aligns with public health goals but also holds fiscal potential to support sustainable healthcare financing.

References

Aranis, S. D., Putra, W. K. Y., Setiarni, A., & Prasetyo, T. J. (2024). Sugar-sweetened Beverages Consumption Based on Individual and Environmental Factor among FKM UI Students in 2023. Indonesian Journal of Public Health Nutrition, 4(2). https://doi.org/10.7454/ijphn.v4i2.8075

Arifin, H., Chou, K.-R., Ibrahim, K., Fitri, S. U. R., Pradipta, R. O., Rias, Y. A., Sitorus, N., Wiratama, B. S., Setiawan, A., Setyowati, S., Kuswanto, H., Mediarti, D., Rosnani, R., Sulistini, R., & Pahria, T. (2022). Analysis of Modifiable, Non-Modifiable, and Physiological Risk Factors of Non-Communicable Diseases in Indonesia: Evidence from the 2018 Indonesian Basic Health Research. Journal of Multidisciplinary Healthcare, Volume 15, 2203–2221. https://doi.org/10.2147/JMDH.S382191

Center for Indonesia’s Strategic Development Initiatives. (2022). Ringkasan kebijakan: urgensi implementasi kebijakan cukai minuman berpemanis dalam kemasan (MBDK) di Indonesia. CISDI.

Dai, X.-Y., Chen, X.-Y., Jia, L.-N., Jing, X.-T., Pan, X.-Y., Zhang, X.-Y., Jing, Z., Yuan, J.-Q., He, Q.-S., & Yang, L.-L. (2024). Sugary beverages intake and risk of chronic kidney disease: the mediating role of metabolic syndrome. Frontiers in Nutrition, 11. https://doi.org/10.3389/fnut.2024.1401081

Dewi, R. D. C. (2020). Sosialisasi Informasi Dan Komunikasi Jaminan Kesehatan Bpjs Dalam Meningkatkan Pelayanan Kesehatan Lansia. Jurnal Pengabdian Masyarakat Kesehatan, 7(1), 19–26. https://doi.org/10.33023/jpm.v7i1.641

Dipinto, R. N. P., & Setyowati, M. S. (2024). Best Practice Pemungutan Cukai Atas Minuman Berpemanis Dalam Kemasan Di Filipina. Journal Perspektif Bea Dan Cukai, 8(2), 217–230.

Firdaus, R. A. (2023). Asas Keseimbangan Dalam Perjanjian Antara PT. PLN (Persero) Dengan Konsorsium PT. Bangun Mega Pertiwi Pasca Pandemi COVID-19. Neoclassical Legal Review: Journal of Law and Contemporary Issues, 2(2), 27–32. https://doi.org/10.32734/nlr.v2i2.11413

Harsono, F. H. (2020). Biaya Pengobatan Diabetes Rp2 Triliun Tiap Tahun, Belum Termasuk Komplikasi. Liputan6. https://www.liputan6.com/health/read/4412275/biaya-pengobatan-diabetes-rp2-triliun-tiap-tahun-belum-termasuk-komplikasi

Hartono, R. K., & Susanti, F. A. (2025). Kebijakan Cukai Konsumsi Minuman Berpemanis dalam Kemasan (MBDK) dalam Mengendalikan Masalah Kesehatan: Tinjauan Literatur Sistematis dan Meta Analisis. Jurnal Ekonomi Kesehatan Indonesia, 10(1). https://doi.org/10.7454/eki.v10i1.1141

Hur, J., Otegbeye, E., Joh, H.-K., Nimptsch, K., Ng, K., Ogino, S., Meyerhardt, J. A., Chan, A. T., Willett, W. C., Wu, K., Giovannucci, E., & Cao, Y. (2021). Sugar-sweetened beverage intake in adulthood and adolescence and risk of early-onset colorectal cancer among women. Gut, 70(12), 2330–2336. https://doi.org/10.1136/gutjnl-2020-323450

Jaang, S. (2023). Analisis Perlindungan Hukum Terhadap Konsumen Berdasarkan Prinsip Keadilan. Jurnal Hukum Dan HAM Wara Sains, 2(05), 349–357. https://doi.org/10.58812/jhhws.v2i05.303

Johnson, R. J., Lanaspa, M. A., Sanchez-Lozada, L. G., Tolan, D., Nakagawa, T., Ishimoto, T., Andres-Hernando, A., Rodriguez-Iturbe, B., & Stenvinkel, P. (2023). The fructose survival hypothesis for obesity. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences, 378(1885). https://doi.org/10.1098/rstb.2022.0230

Kemenkes RI. (2024). Bahaya Konsumsi Gula Berlebihan: Dampak dan Cara Mencegahnya. https://ayosehat.kemkes.go.id/bahaya-konsumsi-gula-berlebihan

Kusnadi, G., Segalita, C., Novita, I. E., Arianti, A., & Herlinda, O. (2022). Minuman Berpemanis Rendah Kalori (Low-or Zero-Calorie Sweetened Beverages): Dampak Kesehatan dan Penerapan Kebijakan Cukai di Berbagai Negara. In Center for Indonesia’s Strategic Development Initiatives. Center for Indonesia’s Strategic Development Initiatives (CISDI).

Kusnadi, G., Segalita, C., Novita, I. E., Audwina, A., Ardiyase, R., & Herlinda, O. (2022). Pemahaman dan Dukungan Masyarakat terhadap Cukai Minuman Berpemanis dalam Kemasan (MBDK). Center for Indonesia’s Strategic Development Initiatives, 11.

Lubawy, M., & Formanowicz, D. (2023). High-Fructose Diet–Induced Hyperuricemia Accompanying Metabolic Syndrome–Mechanisms and Dietary Therapy Proposals. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 20(4), 3596. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph20043596

Manullang, S. O., Samsudin, T., Kusumadewi, Y., Krisnalita, L. Y., & Mutiarany. (2023). Kebijakan Pemerintah Dalam Pemanfaatan Pajak Berganda Rokok Sebagai Pembiayaan Jaminan Kesehatan Nasional. Jurnal Hukum Dan HAM Wara Sains, 2(02), 121–128.

Metcalfe, S., & Sasse, T. (2022). Sugar Tax. Institute For Goverment. https://www.instituteforgovernment.org.uk/explainer/sugar-tax

Muharamani, A., Nur Kartini, K., Gunardi, G., Permana, T. E., & Sanny, M. Y. (2021). Analisis Efektifitas Pemungutan Cukai Rokok Terhadap Penerimaan Pendapatan Negara. Jurnal Co Management, 4(1), 543–549. https://doi.org/10.32670/comanagement.v4i1.572

Noorikhsan, F. F., Muharry, A., Annashr, N. N., Yogaswara, D., & Nurohman, T. (2024). Penguatan dan Peningkatan Keterampilan Komunikasi Antar Pribadi Kader Kesehatan dalam Pencegahan Penyakit Tidak Menular di Desa Cipakat Kecamatan Singaparna. Abdimas Galuh, 6(2), 1590. https://doi.org/10.25157/ag.v6i2.15407

Nugroho, R. A. (2024). Di Depan Wamenkeu, DPR Usul Tarif Cukai Minuman Berpemanis 2,5%-20%. CNBC Indonesia. https://www.cnbcindonesia.com/news/20240910150647-4-570672/di-depan-wamenkeu-dpr-usul-tarif-cukai-minuman-berpemanis-25-20

Pacheco, L. S., Lacey, J. V., Martinez, M. E., Lemus, H., Araneta, M. R. G., Sears, D. D., Talavera, G. A., & Anderson, C. A. M. (2020). Sugar‐Sweetened Beverage Intake and Cardiovascular Disease Risk in the California Teachers Study. Journal of the American Heart Association, 9(10). https://doi.org/10.1161/JAHA.119.014883

Pacheco, L. S., Tobias, D. K., Haslam, D. E., Drouin-Chartier, J.-P., Li, Y., Bhupathiraju, S. N., Willett, W. C., Ludwig, D. S., Ebbeling, C. B., Hu, F. B., & Guasch-Ferré, M. (2025). Sugar-sweetened or artificially sweetened beverage consumption, physical activity and risk of type 2 diabetes in US adults. Diabetologia, 68(4), 792–800. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00125-024-06351-w

PAHO. (2022). WHO calls on countries to tax sugar-sweetened beverages to save lives. The Pan American Health Organization. https://www.paho.org/fr/node/89953

Panjaitan, I. F. M., & Silviana, A. (2025). Analisis Dampak Penerapan Kebijakan Cukai Atas Minuman Berpemanis Dalam Kemasan (MBDK) di Indonesia. JIHHP : Jurnal Ilmu Hukum, Humaniora, Dan Politik, 5(3), 1941–1949.

Panuganti, K. K., Nguyen, M., & Kshirsagar, R. K. (2023). Obesity. Treasure Island (FL): StatPearls Publishing. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK459357/

Pietrantoni, D., & Mayrovitz, H. N. (2022). The Impacts of Sugar-Sweetened Beverages (SSB) on Cardiovascular Health. Cureus. https://doi.org/10.7759/cureus.26908

Popkin, B. M., & Ng, S. W. (2021). Sugar-sweetened beverage taxes: Lessons to date and the future of taxation. PLOS Medicine, 18(1), e1003412. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pmed.1003412

Powell-Wiley, T. M., Poirier, P., Burke, L. E., Després, J.-P., Gordon-Larsen, P., Lavie, C. J., Lear, S. A., Ndumele, C. E., Neeland, I. J., Sanders, P., & St-Onge, M.-P. (2021). Obesity and Cardiovascular Disease: A Scientific Statement From the American Heart Association. Circulation, 143(21). https://doi.org/10.1161/CIR.0000000000000973

Pradnyani, N. N. A. R. (2020). Tanggung Jawab Hukum Dalam Penolakan Pasien Jaminan Kesehatan Nasional. Scopindo Media Pustaka.

Puspita, A. D., Maharani, A. D., Adha, D. R., & Apylina, C. (2024). Edukasi Pengaruh Mbdk (Minuman Berpemanis Dalam Kemasan) Serta Pemanfaatan Kayu Manis Sebagai Alternatif Penurun Gula Darah Di Kelurahan Karang Anyar Kota Samarinda. Jurnal Abdi Masyarakat ERAU, 3(2), 90–98.

Rachman, A. (2025). Ali Ghufron: BPJS Kesehatan Tak Akan Gagal Bayar di 2025. CNBC Indonesia. https://www.cnbcindonesia.com/news/20250211150512-4-609775/ali-ghufron-bpjs-kesehatan-tak-akan-gagal-bayar-di-2025

Sari, S. L., Utari, D. M., & Sudiarti, T. (2021). Konsumsi minuman berpemanis kemasan pada remaja. Ilmu Gizi Indonesia, 5(1), 91. https://doi.org/10.35842/ilgi.v5i1.253

Singgih, V. (2024). BPJS Kesehatan terancam tekor Rp20 triliun dan gagal bayar klaim, kenaikan iuran jadi ‘keniscayaan.’ BBC News Indonesia. https://www.bbc.com/indonesia/articles/cwy9gkepp19o

Siregar, P. A. S. (2025). Urgensi Penerapan Kebijakan Cukai Atas Minuman Berpemanis Dalam Kemasan (MBDK) di Indonesia. ETHNOGRAPHY Journal of Design, Social Science, and Humanistic Studies, 2(1), 1–11.

Situmorang, B. (2024). Urgensi Kebijakan Cukai Minuman Berpemanis Sebagai Instrumen Pengendalian Konsumsi: Tinjauan Sistematis. Integrative Perspectives OfS Ocial and Science Journal (IPSSJ), 2(1), 691–702.

Suara, E., & Retnaningsih, D. (2024). Karakteristik Faktor Risiko Pasien Chronic Kidney Desease (CKD) Yang Menjalani Hemodialisa. Jurnal Manajemen Asuhan Keperawatan, 8(2), 59–63. https://doi.org/10.33655/mak.v8i2.194

WHO. (2023). WHO calls on countries to increase taxes on alcohol and sugary sweetened beverages. https://www.who.int/news/item/05-12-2023-who-calls-on-countries-to-increase-taxes-on-alcohol-and-sugary-sweetened-beverages

Yu, L., Zhou, H., Zheng, F., Song, J., Lu, Y., Yu, X., & Zhao, C. (2022). Sugar Is the Key Cause of Overweight/Obesity in Sugar-Sweetened Beverages (SSB). Frontiers in Nutrition, 9. https://doi.org/10.3389/fnut.2022.885704

Yu, S., Li, C., Ji, G., & Zhang, L. (2021). The Contribution of Dietary Fructose to Non-alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease. Frontiers in Pharmacology, 12. https://doi.org/10.3389/fphar.2021.783393

Yuningrum, H., Trisnowati, H., & Rosdewi, N. N. (2021). Faktor Risiko Penyakit Tidak Menular (PTM) pada Remaja: Studi Kasus pada SMA Negeri dan Swasta di KotaYogyakarta. Jurnal Formil (Forum Ilmiah) KesMas Respati, 6(1), 41–50.

Yusuf, K., & Legiran, L. (2024). Efek Sitokin Proinflamasi TnF - Alpha pada Penyakit Diabetes Melitus Tipe 2: Tinjauan Literatur. Jurnal Integrasi Kesehatan & Sains, 6(1), 22–26. https://doi.org/10.29313/jiks.v6i1.12780

Downloads

Published

2025-07-09

How to Cite

Baharul Iman, M., & Syafira, F. (2025). Analisis Yuridis Normatif atas Pemanfaatan Cukai Minuman Berpemanis Dalam Kemasan (MBDK) untuk Pembiayaan Program Jaminan Kesehatan Nasional oleh BPJS Kesehatan. Jurnal Sosial Humaniora Dan Pendidikan, 4(1), 991–1006. https://doi.org/10.55606/inovasi.v4i1.4866